Biology- Plant tissue

A mature vascular plant, e.g., a tobacco plant, contains several differentiated cell types. These are grouped together in tissues. Some tissues contain only one type of cell. Some consist of several.

Meristematic

The main function of meristematic tissue is mitosis. The cells are small, thin-walled, with no central vacuole and no specialised features.

Meristematic tissue is located in
-the apical meristems at the growing points of roots and stems.
-the secondary meristems (lateral buds) at the nodes of stems (where branching occurs), and in some plants,
-a ring of meristematic tissue, called the cambium, that is found within the mature stem.
The cells produced in the meristems soon become differentiated into one or another of several types.

Protective

Protective tissue covers the surface of leaves and the living cells of roots and stems. Its cells are flattened with their top and bottom surfaces parallel. The upper and lower epidermis of the leaf are examples of protective tissue.

Parenchyma

 

The cells of parenchyma are large, thin-walled, and usually have a large central vacuole. They are often partially separated from each other. They are usually stuffed with plastids.

Sclerenchyma

The walls of these cells are very thick and built up in a uniform layer around the entire margin of the cell. Often, the protoplasts die after the cell wall is fully formed. Sclerenchyma cells are usually found associated with other cells types and give them mechanical support.

Sclerenchyma is found in stems and also in leaf veins. Sclerenchyma also makes up the hard outer covering of seeds and nuts.

Collenchyma

Collenchyma cells have thick walls that are especially thick at their corners. These cells provide mechanical support for the plant. They are most often found in areas that are growing rapidly and need to be strengthened. The petiole ("stalk") of leaves is usually reinforced with collenchyma.

Vascular Tissues

Xylem

Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all the other parts of the plant.

In angiosperms, most of the water travels in the xylem vessels. These are thick-walled tubes that can extend vertically through several feet of xylem tissue. Their diameter may be as large as 0.7 mm. Their walls are thickened with secondary deposits of cellulose and are usually further strengthened by impregnation with lignin. The secondary walls of the xylem vessels are deposited in spirals and rings and are usually perforated by pits.

Xylem vessels arise from individual cylindrical cells oriented end to end. At maturity the end walls of these cells dissolve away and the cytoplasmic contents die. The result is the xylem vessel, a continuous non-living duct. The vessels carry water and some dissolved solutes, such as inorganic ions, up the plant.

Xylem also contains tracheids. These are individual cells tapered at each end so the tapered end of one cell overlaps that of the adjacent cell. Like xylem vessels, they have thick, lignified walls and, at maturity, no cytoplasm. Their walls are perforated so that water can flow from one tracheid to the next. The xylem of ferns and conifers contains only tracheids.

In woody plants, the older xylem ceases to participate in water transport and simply serves to give strength to the trunk. Wood is xylem. When counting the annual rings of a tree, one is counting rings of xylem.

Phloem
The main components of phloem are
-sieve elements and
-companion cells.

Sieve elements are so-named because their end walls are perforated. This allows cytoplasmic connections between vertically-stacked cells. The result is a sieve tube that conducts the products of photosynthesis - sugars and amino acids - from the place where they are manufactured (a "source"), e.g., leaves, to the places ("sinks") where they are consumed or stored; such as

-roots
-growing tips of stems and leaves
-flowers
-fruits, tubers, corms, etc.

Sieve elements have no nucleus and only a sparse collection of other organelles. They depend on the adjacent companion cells for many functions.

Companion cells move sugars and amino acids into and out of the sieve elements. In "source" tissue, such as a leaf, the companion cells use transmembrane proteins to take up - by active transport - sugars and amino acids from the cells manufacturing them. Water follows by osmosis. These materials then move into adjacent sieve elements by diffusion through plasmodesmata. The pressure created by osmosis drives the flow of materials through the sieve tubes.

In "sink" tissue, the sugars and amino acids leave the sieve tubes by diffusion through plasmodesmata connecting the sieve elements to the cells of their destination. Again, water follows by osmosis where it may

-leave the plant by transpiration or
-increase the volume of the cells or
-move into the xylem for recycling through the plant.